Judicial Review

Author: Sarah Harvie-Clark

PDF Published: Monday 27 Jun 2022 (SB 22-35)

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Overview
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Overview
Report
- Executive Summary
- Introduction and background
  - Why judicial review matters
  - What this briefing covers
- An overview of judicial review in Scotland
  - Which court?
  - Some key terms
  - How the court decides what to do
  - Public bodies and government ministers
  - Private bodies
  - Legislation
  - The costs of a judicial review action and how to pay for it
  - Some preliminary requirements associated with a judicial review action
  - Key stages of a judicial review action
  - The grounds of review
  - Legal remedies
- Judicial review in practice: the statistics and the headlines
  - A very small part of the courts’ total caseload
  - Trends in the judicial review caseload
  - What are judicial review cases raised on?
    
    Immigration and asylum cases
    
    Other cases
  - A snapshot of some recent high-profile cases
- Key constitutional developments affecting judicial review
  - Human rights and judicial review
    
    The Human Rights Act 1998
    
    A new ground of review - breach of Convention rights
    
    Public bodies and subordinate legislation
    
    Acts of the UK Parliament
    
    Obligation to interpret
    
    Declaration of incompatibility
  - The impact of the UK's changing relationship with the EU on judicial review
    
    The impact of the UK's membership of the EU
    
    The UK's departure from the EU and EU retained law
    
    Retained EU law and judicial review
    
    A possible breach of retained EU law
    
    Challenging retained EU law by way of judicial review
    
    EU-derived domestic legislation
    
    Direct EU legislation
    
    Other relevant parts of the UK-EU Brexit arrangements
    
    Subordinate legislation after Brexit
  - Judicial review and the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government
    
    The Scotland Act 1998: legislative competence
    
    The approach to Acts of the Scottish Parliament and legislative competence
    
    Legislative competence: EU law and EU retained law
    
    Acts of the Scottish Parliament and the 'traditional' grounds of review
- The mechanics of judicial review in more detail
  - Who can raise judicial review proceedings - in more detail
    
    Standing in judicial review cases: the general position
    
    The new test in the AXA case - in more detail
    
    After AXA - uncertainties and the continued importance of case law
    
    Sufficient interest under statute
    
    Cases relating to Convention rights
  - Funding a judicial review action
    
    Legal aid and judicial review
    
    Advice and Assistance
    
    Civil Legal Aid
    
    Protective expenses orders
    
    PEOs in environmental cases
    
    Other public interest cases
    
    The Aarhus Convention and environmental cases
  - Third party interventions
    
    Where the person is 'directly affected'
    
    Public interest intervention
  - The scope of judicial review
    
    The general position
    
    Cases relating to Convention rights
  - Grounds of judicial review
    
    Illegality
    
    Breach of a statutory duty
    
    Where there is a broad discretion
    
    Outcome duties
    
    Errors of law and errors of fact
    
    Errors of law
    
    Errors of fact
    
    Review where there is discretion
    
    Relevant considerations and irrelevant considerations
    
    Improper purpose
    
    Fettering of discretion
    
    Exercise of power by the wrong person
    
    Breach of Convention rights
    
    Absolute, limited and qualified rights
    
    Breach of retained EU Law
    
    Sources of EU law which were retained
    
    Sources of EU law which were not retained
    
    Procedural impropriety or unfairness
    
    Sources of procedural requirements
    
    The specific principles underpinning procedural fairness
    
    Rule against bias
    
    Right to a fair hearing
    
    Duty to give reasons
    
    Consultations by the decision maker
    
    Unjustified departure from legitimate expectations
    
    Procedural protection or protecting the substance of the expectation?
    
    Unreasonableness, proportionality and another emerging ground of review
    
    Unreasonableness or irrationality
    
    Variable intensity of review
    
    The principle of proportionality
    
    Breaches of Convention rights
    
    Proportionality in other cases
    
    Constitutional rights, principles or values
- Legal remedies available in judicial review actions
- Judicial review as part of the wider system for addressing grievances
  - Alternatives to judicial review
    
    Internal complaints or review procedures
    
    Alternative dispute resolution
    
    Ombudsmen and other external complaints handlers
    
    Statutory right of appeal
  - Judicial review and the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman
- Tribunals and judicial review
  - An overview of the tribunal system
  - Transfer of judicial review cases from the Court of Session to the Upper Tribunals
  - Decisions of the Upper Tribunals which cannot be appealed
- Policy initiatives relating to judicial review
  - Policy initiatives of the UK Government
    
    Judicial review
    
    Human rights legislation
  - Policy initiatives of the Scottish Government
    
    Human rights legislation
    
    Access to environmental justice and an environmental court
Sources

This is a line graph showing, with a purple line, the number of judicial cases begun in Scotland over a ten year period and, with a dotted yellow line, the number of judicial review cases disposed of by the court over the same period. Cases initiated and disposed of have been variable.

Image: Figure 1: Scottish judicial review cases initiated and disposed of between 2011-12 and 2020-21

This figure shows the trends in judicial review cases by policy area between 2011-12 and 2020-21. Immigration and asylum cases, following by a category known simply as 'other' under the Scottish Government categorisation, have been the two main types of case initiated over the ten year period.

Image: Figure 2: Scottish judicial review cases initiated by policy area between 2011-12 and 2020-21

This is an infographic showing the scope for a judicial review challenge to EU-derived domestic legislation according to the different grounds of review and the type of legislation at issue (for example, primary or subordinate legislation; Scottish or UK legislation). An alleged breach of Convention rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 is the only ground of review possible in respect of all types of EU-derived domestic legislation.

Image: Figure 3: Judicial review and EU-derived domestic legislation

This is an infographic showing the scope for a judicial review challenge to EU direct legislation, according to the different grounds of review and the type of legislation at issue Overall, an alleged breach of Convention rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 is the only ground of review possible in respect of (both types of) EU direct legislation.

Image: Figure 4: Judicial review and direct EU legislation

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R (on the application of UNISON) v Lord Chancellor [2017] UKSC 51; [2020] A.C. 869; [2017] 3 W.L.R. 409; [2017] 4 All E.R. 903; [2017] 7 WLUK 601; [2017] 4 Costs L.R. 721; [2018] 1 C.M.L.R. 35; [2017] I.C.R. 1037; [2017] I.R.L.R. 911; [2017] H.R.L.R. 11 . (2017, July 26). Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2015-0233.html

McCue's Guardian v Glasgow City Council [2020] CSIH 51; 2021 S.C. 107; 2020 S.L.T. 963; [2020] 8 WLUK 163; 2020 G.W.D. 26-352; [2020] C.L.Y. 2352. (2020, August 21). Retrieved from https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/docs/default-source/cos-general-docs/pdf-docs-for-opinions/2020csih51.pdf?sfvrsn=0

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Heaney, B. (2020, August). Complaint to Ombudsman was not an alternative to judicial review Civ. P.B. 2020, 155, 7.

Drummond, L., McCartney, F., & Poole, A. (2020). A Practical Guide to Public Law Litigation in Scotland, para 6-044. Edinburgh: W Green .

Eba v Advocate General for Scotland; [2011] UKSC 29; [2012] 1 A.C. 710?; [2011] 3 W.L.R. 149?; [2011] P.T.S.R. 1095; [2011] S.T.C. 1705; 2012 S.C. (U.K.S.C.) 1?; 2011 S.L.T. 768?; [2011] 6 WLUK 522; [2011] Imm. A.R. 745; [2011] S.T.I. 1941; (2011) 108(27) L.S.G. 24; (2011) 161 N.L.J. 917 [2011] C.L.Y. 3958. (2011, June 22). Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2010-0206-judgment.pdf

R (on the application of Cart) (Appellant) v The Upper Tribunal; . (2011, June 11). Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2010-0176.html

Scottish Government. (2021, March). UK Independent Human Rights Act Review (IHRAR): response by the Scottish Government. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-government-response-uk-independent-human-rights-act-review/

Reference by the Attorney General and the Advocate General for Scotland – United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Incorporation) (Scotland) Bill . (2021, October 6). Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2021-0079.html

Evans, A. (2022, March 16). Economic, social and cultural rights and the proposed Human Rights Bill, SPICe Briefing 22-19. Retrieved from https://digitalpublications.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefings/Report/2022/3/16/fcf45055-9ebf-48ca-b2b6-11787fcb3232

Agnew, C. (2018, February 21). Does Wednesbury Protect the Environment? – The Need for an Environmental Court; E-Law The Journal of the United Kingdom Environmental Law Association, January/February 2018 (pages 26 to 30). Retrieved from https://www.westwateradvocates.com/wednesbury-protect-environment-need-environmental-court/

Last Updated: 6/12 7:03pm

Image: Figure 1: Scottish judicial review cases initiated and disposed of between 2011-12 and 2020-21

Image: Figure 2: Scottish judicial review cases initiated by policy area between 2011-12 and 2020-21

Image: Figure 3: Judicial review and EU-derived domestic legislation

Image: Figure 4: Judicial review and direct EU legislation

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