A public health approach to gambling harms

Author: Ben Walton

PDF Published: Monday 12 Dec 2022 (SB 22-67)

Expand
Overview
Report

Hide

Hide

Overview
Report
- Executive summary
- Definitions
- Framing gambling as a public health issue
- Measuring individual gambling risk
- Gambling in Scotland
- Harms of gambling
  - Individual
    
    Mental health
    
    Physical health
    
    Finances
    
    Living standards and homelessness
    
    Job opportunities and educational attainment
    
    Relationship and family breakdown
    
    Involvement with the criminal justice system
  - Families and social networks - 'affected others'
  - Communities and society
- Unequal risk of gambling harm
  - Age
  - Children
  - Students
  - Sex
  - Minority ethnic communities
  - Mental health
  - Deprived communities
  - Other factors
- Current policy, strategy and legislation
  - Gambling Act 2005
    
    Gambling Act Review
  - Gambling Commission
  - Scottish legislation
  - Scottish Government strategies and policies
  - Local authority powers
    
    Compliance checks
- Preventing gambling harms
  - Universal measures
  - Risk reduction for people who gamble
  - Treatment and support
  - National Strategy to Reduce Gambling Harms 2019-22
  - The Glasgow project
  - Approaches by other countries
  - Learning from other public health issues
- Emerging issues
  - Young people and gambling adjacent activities
  - 'Black market' - gambling not licensed in Britain
  - Online gambling
  - Covid-19
  - Increase in the cost of living
  - Issues with funding for research, education and treatment
- Help for anyone experiencing gambling harms
Sources

Infographic illustrating the proportion of people in Scotland who are estimated to have a gambling problem (0.4%), are at risk of having a gambling problem (6%) or are negatively affected by the gambling of someone with a gambling problem (7%).

Image: Figure 1: Estimated proportion of people in Scotland experiencing harms from their own or another persons gambling

Bar chart showing that 58% of people surveyed in the Scottish Health Survey 2021 had gambled in the past year.

Image: Figure 2: Gambling participation in the last year

Bar chart showing that of people surveyed in the Scottish Health Survey 2021, 0.4% were people with a gambling problem. The chart also shows that 4.5% were people with low risk and 1.5% were people with moderate risk of a gambling problem.

Image: Figure 3: Estimated proportion of people who have or are at risk of having a gambling problem

Bar chart showing the top five gambling activities in Scotland, with the National lottery most popular, with 41% participation, followed by scratchcards (18%), other lotteries (17%), online betting (11%) and horse races (6%).

Image: Figure 4: Top five most popular gambling activities

Chart showing the change in online gambling participation over time, from 7% in 2012 to 14% in the 2021 survey.

Image: Figure 5: Online gambling participation in 2012 and 2021

Chart showing gambling participation by sex, showing that 61% of men and 56% of women surveyed had gambled in the past year.

Image: Figure 6: Gambling participation by sex

Bar chart showing that 12% of men and 5% of women took part in four or more gambling activities in the past year.

Image: Figure 7: Proportion of men and women taking part in four or more gambling activities in the past year

A bar chart showing gambling participation by age. Gambling participation is highest in those aged 45-54 and lowest in those aged 16-24. When the national lottery is excluded, participation is highest in those aged 35-44 and lowest in those aged 16-24.

Image: Figure 8: Gambling participation by age

Infographic showing that gambling harms affect individuals, families, social networks, communities and society.

Image: Figure 9: Gambling harms affect individuals who gamble, their families, communities and also impact wider society

An infographic illustrating the possible harms of gambling to people who gamble.

Image: Figure 10: Gambling harms to individuals

Infographic showing a person with a gambling problem affecting six other people.

Image: Figure 11: A person with a gambling problem affects around six other people

A bar chart showing the proportion of people who gambled and affected others calling the GamCare helpline that raised specific issues. Financial difficulties, anxiety or stress and family or relationship difficulties were raised by over 49% of people who gambled and over 49% of affected others.

Image: Figure 12: Proportion of callers to the GamCare helpline raising specific issues (2020-21)

An infographic representing the potential harms of gambling to society including crime, lost economic productivity and healthcare.

Image: Figure 13: Gambling harms to society

Bar chart showing the estimated proportion of people at risk of or with gambling problems. Risk was highest for those aged 25-34 and lowest for those aged over 75.

Image: Figure 14: Gambling risk by age

Bar chart showing the estimated proportion of men and women who are at risk of or have a gambling problem. For all categories (moderate risk, low risk and person with a gambling problem), a higher proportion of men than women fall into the category.

Image: Figure 15: Gambling risk by sex

Bar chart showing that 1.7% of people with signs of a possible psychiatric disorder were people with a gambling problem. 0.3% of people without any signs of a possible psychiatric disorder were people with a gambling problem.

Image: Figure 16: Proportion of people with gambling problems among those with signs of possible psychiatric disorder

Bar chart showing the proportion of people at risk of or experiencing gambling problems in the least to most deprived areas of Scotland. The proportion increases with deprivation from 2% in the least deprived areas to 11% in the most deprived.

Image: Figure 17: Proportion of people at risk of or experiencing gambling problems by area deprivation quintile

Infographic showing the different interventions (for example, information, advertising regulation, treatment) and the parts of the population that these can target (for example, information campaigns can target the whole population, whereas treatment and support is targeted at individuals who are harmed by gambling).

Image: Figure 19: Public health interventions to reduce gambling harms

Bar chart showing that 49 people in Scotland and 137 people in England were treated by the National Gambling Treatment Service in 2020-21 per million population.

Image: Figure 20: Number of people treated by the National Gambling Treatment Service in 2020-21 per million population

A map of local authority areas across Britain, showing that few compliance visits took place in 2018-19 in Scotland compared to England or Wales

Image: Figure 18: Map showing that few inspections of gambling premises take place in Scotland

Gambling commission. (2018). Measuring gambling-related harms. A framework for Action. Retrieved from https://assets.ctfassets.net/j16ev64qyf6l/5tpgsNwwUmqWzDEmvd2jxG/666e97cbb55a13b47c17854c2426d7af/Measuring-gambling-related-harms-framework.pdf

Uk Government. (2005). Gambling Act 2005. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/19/section/22 [accessed 10 October 2022]

The Lancet Public Health. (2021). Gambling: a neglected public health issue. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30290-5/fulltext [accessed 4 October 2022]

Chief Medical Officer for Wales. (2018). Gambling with our health. Annual report 2016/17 . Retrieved from https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-03/gambling-with-our-health-chief-medical-officer-for-wales-annual-report-2016-17.pdf [accessed 5 October 2022]

Gambling Comission. (2019). National Strategy to Reduce Gambling Harms. Retrieved from https://assets.ctfassets.net/j16ev64qyf6l/6Eupf9uXRQxBMPPvPP66QO/bb233acf9afd18c3169dc244557c0ad3/national-strategy-to-reduce-gambling-harms__2_.pdf [accessed 5 October 2022]

GambleAware. (2021). Keeping people safe from gambling harms. Retrieved from https://www.begambleaware.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/GambleAware_Briefing_Note_August_2021_0.pdf [accessed 3 October 2022]

Christie, A. (2020). A public health approach to reducing gambling harms in Glasgow. Retrieved from https://www.alliance-scotland.org.uk/blog/opinion/a-public-health-approach-to-reducing-gambling-harms-in-glasgow/ [accessed 3 October 2022]

Scottish Parliament. (2022). Meeting of the Parliament. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.scot/api/sitecore/CustomMedia/OfficialReport?meetingId=13563 [accessed 11 November 2022]

Langham, E., Thorne, H., Browne, M., Donaldson, P., Rose, J., & Rockloff, M. (2015). Understanding gambling related harm: a proposed definition, conceptual framework, and taxonomy of harms. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-2747-0 [accessed 5 October 2022]

Scottish Government. (2022). The Scottish Health Survey 2021 - volume one: main report. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2022/11/scottish-health-survey-2021-volume-1-main-report/documents/scottish-health-survey-2021-volume-1-main-report/scottish-health-survey-2021-volume-1-main-report/govscot%3Adocument/scottish-health-survey-2021-volume-1-main-report.pdf [accessed 9 November 2022]

Gunstone, B., & Gosschalk, K. (2020). Gambling Treatment and Support. Retrieved from https://www.begambleaware.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/gambling-treatment-and-support.pdf [accessed 3 October 2022]

The Lancet. (2017). Problem gambling is a public health concern. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32333-4/fulltext [accessed 3 October 2022]

Scottish Government. (2018). Public Health Priorities for Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/corporate-report/2018/06/scotlands-public-health-priorities/documents/00536757-pdf/00536757-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00536757.pdf [accessed 4 October 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2021). Problem Gambling Screens. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/publication/problem-gambling-screens [accessed 11 November 2022]

Gambling Comission. (2020). Problem gambling vs gambling-related harms. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/publication/problem-gambling-vs-gambling-related-harms [accessed 13 October 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2022). Developing survey questions to collect better data on gambling-related harms. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/publication/developing-survey-questions-to-collect-better-data-on-gambling-related-harms [accessed 22 November 2022]

Scottish Government. (2018). Scottish Health Survey 2017 - volume one: main report. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-health-survey-2017-volume-1-main-report/pages/104/ [accessed 2 October 2022]

Public Health England. (2021). Gambling-related harms evidence review: the economic and social cost of harms. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1022208/Gambling-evidence-review_economic-costs.pdf [accessed 3 October 2022]

Gambling Research Exchange Ontario. (2016). Research Snapshot: Problem gambling in the U.K.: A public health issue affecting individuals, families and communities . Retrieved from https://www.greo.ca/Modules/EvidenceCentre/files/Cowlishaw%20et%20al%20(2016)%20Problem%20gambling%20in%20the%20UK.pdf [accessed 22 November 2022]

Algren, M., Ekholm, O., Davidsen, M., Larson, C.V., & Juel, K. (2015). Health behaviour and body mass index among problem gamblers: results from a nationwide survey. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-013-9437-y [accessed 7 October 2022]

Rogers, R.D., Wardle, H., Sharp, C.A., Dymond, S., Davies, T.J., Hughes, K., … Astbury, G. (2019). Framing a public health approach to gambling harms in Wales: Challenges and opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.bangor.ac.uk/psychology/research/gambling/docs/Public-Health-Approach-to-Gambling-in-Wales-ENG.pdf [accessed 3 October 2022]

Sharman, S. (2019). Sharman, S. Gambling and Homelessness: Prevalence and Pathways.. Current Addiction Reports. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00242-6

Sharman, S., Dreyer, J., Clark, L., & Bowden-Jones, H. (2016). Down and Out in London: Addictive Behaviors in Homelessness. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.037 [accessed 7 October 2022]

GamCare. (2021). Helpline Data Summary 2020/2021. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/tgdh/docs/gamcare_helpline_data_summary_issuu?fr=sZWFlZTM5OTMxMzc [accessed 7 October 2022]

Cowlishaw, S., & Kessler, D. (2016). Problem gambling in the UK: Implications for health, psychosocial adjustment and health care utilization. European Addiction Research. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000437260

National Opinion Research Center. (1999). Gambling Impact and Behaviour Study. Retrieved from https://www.norc.org/PDFs/publications/GIBSFinalReportApril1999.pdf [accessed 1 2022]

Goodwin, B., Browne, M., Rockloff, M., & Rose, J. (2016). A typical problem gambler affects six others. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14459795.2017.1331252?journalCode=rigs20 [accessed 3 October 2022]

Li, E.L., Browne, M.B., Rawat, V.R., Langham, E.L., & Rockloff, M.R. (2017). Breaking Bad: Comparing Gambling Harms Among Gamblers and Affected Others. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27443306/ [accessed 10 October 2022]

Dowling, N., Suomi, A., Jackson, A., Lavis, T., Patford, J., Cockman, S., … Abbott, M. (2014). Problem Gambling and Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25477014/ [accessed 25 October 2022]

Lane, W., Sacco, P., Downton, K., Ludeman, E., Levy, L., & Tracy, K. (2016). Child maltreatment and problem gambling: A systematic review. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213416301004?via%3Dihub

Grant Kalischuk, R., Nowatzki, N., Cardwell, K., Klein, K., & Solowoniuk, J. (2007). Problem Gambling and its Impact on Families: A Literature Review. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14459790600644176 [accessed 25 October 2022]

Forrest, D., & McHale , I.G. (2012). Gambling and Problem Gambling Among Young Adolescents in Great Britain. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-011-9277-6 [accessed 25 October 2022]

IPPR. (2016). Cards on the table - the cost to Government associated with people who are problem gamblers in Britain. Retrieved from https://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/Cards-on-the-table_Dec16.pdf

Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, UK Government. (2020). Review of the Gambling Act 2005 Terms of Reference and Call for Evidence. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/review-of-the-gambling-act-2005-terms-of-reference-and-call-for-evidence/review-of-the-gambling-act-2005-terms-of-reference-and-call-for-evidence#:~:text=32.,permitted%20on%20TV%20and%20radio. [accessed 10 October 2022]

Office for National Statistics. (2022). Regional gross value added (balanced) by industry: all ITL regions. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalandrealregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedbyindustry [accessed 22 November 2022]

Social Market Foundation. (2021). Double or nothing? Assessing the economic impact of gambling. Retrieved from https://www.smf.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Double-or-nothing-March-2021.pdf [accessed 25 October 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2022). Understanding women's experiences of gambling. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/blog/post/understanding-womens-experiences-of-gambling [accessed 19 October 2022]

Dowling, N.A., Merkouris, S.S., Greenwood, C.J., Oldenhof, E., Toumbourou, J.W., & Youssef, G.J. (2016). Early risk and protective factors for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735815301963?via%3Dihub

Gambling Commission. (2019). Measuring gambling-related harms among children and young people A framework for action. Retrieved from https://www.begambleaware.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/measuring-grh-in-cyp-a-framework-for-action.pdf [accessed 4 December 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2021). Exploring the gambling journeys of young people. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/publication/exploring-the-gambling-journeys-of-young-people [accessed 4 December 2022]

Health and Social Care Alliance Scotland. (2021). Reducing Gambling Harm in Greater Glasgow: A Community Conversation. Retrieved from https://www.alliance-scotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Reducing-Gambling-Harm-A-Glasgow-community-conversation.-ALLIANCE-report.pdf [accessed 19 October 2022]

Guardian. (2022). Dismay as UK gambling reform white paper shelved for fourth time. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jul/14/dismay-as-uk-gambling-reform-white-paper-shelved-for-fourth-time [accessed 9 November 2022]

Gambling Comission. (2021). How we regulate. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/about-us/guide/how-we-regulate [accessed 12 October 2022]

Scottish Parliament. (2015). Local Government and Regeneration Committee Inquiry into fixed odds betting terminals. Retrieved from https://archive2021.parliament.scot/S4_LocalGovernmentandRegenerationCommittee/Reports/LGRS042015R06.pdf [accessed 22 October 2022]

Scottish Public Health Network. (2020). Gambling harms: Action plan, policy and strategy links. Retrieved from https://www.scotphn.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/v1_Gambling-harms-policy-review_0175.pdf [accessed 9 December 2022]

The Scottish Public Health Network. (2019). Preventing and reducing gambling harms in the City of Glasgow: a working paper. Retrieved from https://www.scotphn.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2019-Preventing-and-Reducing-Gambling-Harms-in-the-City-of-Glasgow-ScotPHN.pdf [accessed 23 October 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2022). Licensing Authority Statistics 2021 to 2022. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/publication/licensing-authority-statistics-2021-to-2022 [accessed 31 October 2022]

Korn, D., & Shaffer, H. (1999). Gambling and the Health of the Public: Adopting a Public Health Perspective. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1023005115932 [accessed 22 November 2022]

GambleAware. (2020). Researching the campaign. Retrieved from https://www.begambleaware.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/tracking-study-summary-wave-1-4_.pdf [accessed 9 November 2022]

Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Bangor University. (2019). Gambling as a public health issue in Wales . Retrieved from https://www.bangor.ac.uk/psychology/research/gambling/docs/Gambling-as-Public-Health-Issue-Wales.pdf [accessed 11 November 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2019). Latest report reveals complex nature of advertising exposure to children, young people and vulnerable individuals. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/news/article/latest-report-reveals-complex-nature-of-advertising-exposure-to-children [accessed 9 November 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2021). Guidnace to Licensing Authorities. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/guidance/guidance-to-licensing-authorities/part-21-self-exclusion [accessed 11 November 2022]

Gainsbury, S. (2013). Review of Self-exclusion from Gambling Venues as an Intervention for Problem Gambling. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-013-9362-0 [accessed 9 November 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2021). Remote gambling and software technical standards (RTS). Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/standards/remote-gambling-and-software-technical-standards/rts-12-financial-limits [accessed 9 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2020). Gambling on credit cards to be banned from April 2020. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/news/article/gambling-on-credit-cards-to-be-banned-from-april-2020 [accessed 10 November 2022]

Harris, A., & Griffiths, M. (2018). The Impact of Speed of Play in Gambling on Psychological and Behavioural Factors: A Critical Review. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-017-9701-7 [accessed 9 November 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2021). Gambling Commission announces package of changes which make online games safer by design. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/news/article/gambling-commission-announces-package-of-changes-which-make-online-games [accessed 9 November 2022]

House of Commons Library. (2019). Fixed odds betting terminals. Retrieved from https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06946/SN06946.pdf [accessed 10 November 2022]

NHS England. (2019). The NHS Long Term Plan. Retrieved from https://www.longtermplan.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/nhs-long-term-plan-version-1.2.pdf [accessed 6 December 2022]

Office for National Statistics. (2021). Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2020 [accessed 9 November 2022]

GambleAware. (2021). Annual Statistics from the National Gambling Treatment Service. Retrieved from www.drugsandalcohol.ie/35301/1/GA_Annual%20stats_report_2020-21_English.pdf [accessed 6 December 2022]

Scottish Public Health Network. (2016). Toward a public health approach for gambling related harm: a scoping document. Retrieved from https://www.scotphn.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2016_08_02-ScotPHN-Report-Gambling-PM-Final-002-1.pdf [accessed 11 November 2022]

New Zealand Government. (2003). Gambling Act 2003. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0051/latest/DLM207497.html [accessed 9 December 2022]

Adams, P., & Rossen, F. (2012). A tale of missed opportunities: pursuit of a public health approach to gambling in New Zealand. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03800.x [accessed 14 November 2022]

The Gambling Research Exchange Ontario. (2019). Public Health Approaches to Gambling - Global Initiatives. Retrieved from https://www.greo.ca/Modules/EvidenceCentre/files/GREO%20(2019)%20Public%20health%20approaches%20to%20gambling%20-%20Global%20initiatives.pdf [accessed 22 2022]

Northern Ireland Government. (2021). Mental Health strategy 2021-2023. Retrieved from https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/health/doh-mhs-strategy-2021-2031.pdf [accessed 9 December 2022]

Ymchwil y Senedd, Senedd Research. (2022). Taking a public health approach to problem gambling in Wales. Retrieved from https://research.senedd.wales/research-articles/taking-a-public-health-approach-to-problem-gambling-in-wales/ [accessed 9 November 2022]

Scottish Parliament Information Centre. (2021). Health inequality and COVID-19 in Scotland. Retrieved from https://bprcdn.parliament.scot/published/2021/3/23/ee202c60-93ad-4a27-a6e7-67613856ba24/SB%2021-22.pdf [accessed 9 November 2022]

Gainsbury, S., Blankers, M., Wilkinson, C., Schelleman-Offermans, K., & Cousijn, J. (2014). Recommendations for International Gambling Harm-Minimisation Guidelines: Comparison with Effective Public Health Policy. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-013-9389-2 [accessed 11 November 2022]

GambleAware. (2021). Lifting the Lid on Loot-Boxes. Retrieved from https://www.begambleaware.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Gaming_and_Gambling_Report_Final.pdf [accessed 11 November 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2021). Lootboxes: Advice to the Gambling Commission from ABSG. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/print/lootboxes-advice-to-the-gambling-commission-from-absg [accessed 11 November 2022]

Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. (2022). Government response to the call for evidence on loot boxes in video games. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/loot-boxes-in-video-games-call-for-evidence/outcome/government-response-to-the-call-for-evidence-on-loot-boxes-in-video-games#conclusions-and-next-steps [accessed 9 November 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2019). Young People and Gambling Survey 2019. Retrieved from https://assets.ctfassets.net/j16ev64qyf6l/63wDDNviGToGSA0I6xdmmu/f48c4367e839f41af17b71e7f695f07b/Young-People-Gambling-Report-2019.pdf [accessed 9 November 2022]

GamCare. (2022). Understand cryptocurrency trading: what is it, what are the risks and how is it similar to gambling?. Retrieved from https://www.gamcare.org.uk/news-and-blog/blog/understand-cryptocurrency-trading-what-is-it-what-are-the-risks-and-how-is-it-similar-to-gambling/ [accessed 9 November 2022]

Gamban. (2021). Gamban Blocks Trading Platforms . Retrieved from https://gamban.com/blog/gamban-blocks-trading-platforms [accessed 11 November 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2020). National Strategic Assessment 2020. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/manual/national-strategic-assessment-2020/the-provider-of-facilities-for-gambling-what-are-the-issues-unlicensed# [accessed 10 November 2022]

The Guardian. (2021). UK gambling firms accused of exaggerating scale of black market betting. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jan/18/uk-gambling-firms-accused-of-exaggerating-scale-of-black-market-betting [accessed 11 November 2022]

House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. (2020). Gambling regulation: problem gambling and protecting vulnerable people. Retrieved from https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/1626/documents/19602/default [accessed 11 November 2022]

Public Health England. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on gambling behaviour and associated harms. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1020748/Gambling_review_COVID_report.pdf [accessed 9 December 2022]

Wardle, H., Donnachie, C., Critchlow, N., Brown, A., Bunn, C., Dobbie, F., … Hunt, K. (2021). The impact of the initial Covid-19 lockdown upon regular sports bettors in Britain: Findings from a cross-sectional online study. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460321000617 [accessed 11 November 2022]

Gambling Commission. (2020). Advice to the Gambling Commission on a statutory levy. Retrieved from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/guidance/advice-to-the-gambling-commission-on-a-statutory-levy/advice-to-the-gambling-commission-on-a-statutory-levy-the-case-for-change [accessed 22 November 2022]

Last Updated: 8/3 1:42pm

An error occured while loading, please try again in a few minutes.