The Multiple Roles of Scottish Woodlands

Author: Annie Yang

PDF Published: Wednesday 09 Sep 2020 (SB 20-58)

Finland has the highest percentage of forest cover in Europe, followed by Sweden; Scotland has one of the lowest areas covered

Image: International comparison forest cover across Europe in 2015

74% of Scottish woodland is coniferous. UK coverage of coniferous woodland is 51%

Image: Percentage of conifer and broadleaved woodland in Scotland and the UK in 2019

The majority of conifers in Scotland are owned by the private sector

Image: Conifer woodland species: woodland area in Scotland by ownership and principal species

The majority of broadleaves in Scotland are owned by the private sector

Image: Broadleaved woodland species: woodland area in Scotland by ownership and principal species

The majority of woodland in Scotland is coniferous

Image: Distribution of woodland in Scotland by type in 2011

The largest woodlands in Scotland are in the south and west

Image: Distribution of woodland in Scotland by size in 2011

Since 1971, there has been an overall preference for conifers

Image: Replanting and restocking of conifers and broadleaved species in Scotland from 1971 until 2019.

The majority of visitors to Scotland's forests in 2019 were aged 35 - 54

Image: Visitors to Scottish forest in 2019

Peebles Community Trust has purchased Eshiels woodlands, and is improving biodiversity, and sustainable productive management through community ownership and partnership

Image: Eshiels Community Woodland, Peebles

The majority of Scotland's woodlands are privately owned

Image: Distribution of woodland by ownership in Scotland, in 2011

Image: Area of woodland under public and private ownership in hectares and percentages in Scotland 2019.

91% of Scotland's National Forest Estate woodlands are conifers with broadleaved species at 9%

Image: Percentage of conifer and broadleaved woodlands under public and private ownership in Scotland 2019

The SFS 2019 -2029 provides a ten year framework, supporting the 50 year vision

Image: Scotland's Forestry Strategy

Glenfeshie, located in the Cairngorms National Park, is an example of a shift from a deer oriented estate to a rewilding project promoting natural woodland regeneration

Image: Glenfeshie native woodland regeneration

The multiple objectives of the SFS seek to align with the NPF national outcomes, and the UN SDGs

Image: The linkages between the SFS vision and objectives for forestry, key Scottish Government National Outcomes and the associated UN SDGs.

Silvopastural land use allows forestry and grazing to co-exist

Image: Silvopastoral agroforestry

Image: Drumchapel Woods in north west Glasgow

Peatland restoration is fundamental for sequestering carbon

Image: Fallen trees at the shore at Culbin

Image: Forest cover change in hectares (ha) and % in Scotland and Scotland's forestry policy changes in the the last 100 years

Image: Grading a new road, 1960

Key policies, Acts and strategies that have occurred since 1948

Image: Policy changes relevant for Scotland's woodlands and forestry

Scottish greenhouse gas emissions have been steadily reducing since 1998, primarily due to the closure of coal fired power stations

Image: Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990 to 2018. Values in MtCO2e

Land use, Land use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) is the only sector in Scotland that is a carbon sink

Image: Main Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Scotland, 1990 to 2018. Values in MtCO2e

Trees can remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it. The stored CO2 can later be released either through decaying biomass as litter (foliage, deadwood etc.) or absorbed in the soil

Image: Sources of Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2017. Values in MtCO2e.

The greatest proportion of woodfuel used in Scotland in 2018 was virgin fibre

Image: Woodfuel usage by fuel categories Scotland 2018

The UK is one of the biggest importers of wood in the world, after China and Japan

Image: Largest net importers and exporters of forest products, 2017 ($billion)

All woodland bird species have been decreasing since the 1970s

Image: Status of woodland bird populations in the UK, from 1970 to 2017

Atlantic woodlands, located mostly in the West Highlands and Argyll have 'global significance', not just for trees but also mosses, liverworts, lichens, fungi and ferns

Image: Atlantic woodland in Argyll

Large landscape scale native woodland restoration projects are underway

Image: Carrifran woodland restoration in the Southern Uplands of Scotland

Hobbs, R. (2009). Woodland restoration in Scotland: Ecology, history, culture, economics, politics and change. Journal of Environmental Management. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.10.014

Scottish Government. (2019). Scotland's Forestry Strategy 2019–2029. (n.p.): Scottish Government.

Forest Research. (2019). Forestry Statistics 2019. Edinburgh: (n.p.).

Forest Research. (2019). Forestry Statistics 2019: A compendium of statistics about woodland, forestry and primary wood processing in the United Kingdom. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Forest Research. (2019). Forestry Statistics and Forestry Facts & Figures. Retrieved from https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/forestry-statistics/ [accessed 0 June 2020]

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Sitka spruce. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/learn/trees/sitka-spruce [accessed 29 May 2020]

Scottish Forestry. (2020). What are Scotland's native woodlands?. Retrieved from https://forestry.gov.scot/forests-environment/biodiversity/native-woodlands/scotlands-native-woodlands [accessed 22 May 2020]

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). New planting & restocking. Retrieved from https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/forestry-statistics/forestry-statistics-2016-introduction/sources/woodland-area-and-planting/new-planting-restocking/ [accessed 26 June 2020]

Committee on Climate Change. (2018). Biomass in a low-carbon economy. (n.p.): Committee on Climate Change.

Scottish Government. (2016). Getting the best from our land: A Land Use Strategy for Scotland 2016 - 2021. (n.p.): (n.p.).

CJC Consulting Ltd. (2015). The economic contribution of the forestry sector in Scotland. (n.p.): CJC Consulting.

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2019). Forestry and Land Scotland Corporate Plan 2019-2022. (n.p.): Forestry and Land Scotland.

Scottish Forest and Timber Technologies. (2018). Roots for Further Growth; AN ECONOMIC STRATEGY FOR SCOTLAND’S FOREST & TIMBER TECHNOLOGIES SECTOR TO 2030.. (n.p.): Scottish Forest and Timber Technologies.

NHS Forest. (2020). EVIDENCE OF BENEFITS. Retrieved from https://nhsforest.org/evidence-benefits [accessed 25 June 2020]

NHS Scotland & Forestry Commission Scotland. (2017). Branching Out: positive mental health through nature. (n.p.): Scottish Forestry.

Scottish Government. (2020). Scotland’s Forestry Strategy Implementation Plan: 2020-2022. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.

Forest Research. (n.d.) Visits to woodland - household surveys. Retrieved from https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/forestry-statistics/forestry-statistics-2019/social/visits-to-woodland-household-surveys/ [accessed 22 July 2020]

Community Woodland Association. (2019). What is a Community Woodland?. Retrieved from https://www.communitywoods.org/community-woodlands [accessed 9 June 2020]

European Commission. (2020). Forest Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity. Retrieved from https://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/activities/forest-ecosystem-services/ [accessed 30 May 2020]

WWF. (2018). Scotland’s Nature on Red Alert; Climate change impacts on biodiversity. Edinburgh: WWF.

Scottish Parliament. (2019). Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2019/15/contents [accessed 22 May 2019]

United Nations. (2019). UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’; Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating’. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/ [accessed 11 June 2020]

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (2019). Report of the Plenary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on the work of its seventh session. (n.p.): (n.p.).

IPBES. (2019). IPBES Global Assessment Summary for Policymakers (PDF). Report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. doi: https://www.ipbes.net/news/ipbes-global-assessment-summary-policymakers-pdf

Scottish Government. (2020). The Environment Strategy for Scotland: vision and outcomes. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Scottish Environment Link. (2019). FM response. Retrieved from https://www.fightforscotlandsnature.scot/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FM-response-July-2019.pdf

Scottish Governmet, . (2016, September 7). Land Use Strategy 2016 - 2021. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Countryside/Landusestrategy [accessed 23 October 2018]

Scottish Government. (2019). Climate Ready Scotland: climate change adaptation programme 2019-2024. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Scottish Government. (2017). Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2017. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Scottish Government. (2020). Greenhouse gas emissions 2018: estimates. (n.p.): Scottish Government.

FAO. (2010). Managing forests for climate change. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/i1960e/i1960e00.pdf [accessed 30 December 2019]

Scottish Government. (2018). Climate Change Plan: third report on proposals and policies 2018-2032 (RPP3). (n.p.): (n.p.).

Forest Research. (2020). Carbon sequestration. Retrieved from https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/forestry-statistics/forestry-statistics-2018/uk-forests-and-climate-change/carbon-sequestration/ [accessed 24 April 2020]

Forest Research. (2020). Carbon cycle. Retrieved from https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/forestry-statistics/forestry-statistics-2018/uk-forests-and-climate-change/carbon-cycle/ [accessed 30 May 2020]

Committee on Climate Change. (2019, May). Net Zero: The UK’s contribution to stopping global warming. Retrieved from https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Net-Zero-The-UKs-contribution-to-stopping-global-warming.pdf [accessed 29 December 2019]

Broadmeadow, M., & Ray, D. (2005). Climate Change and British Woodland. (n.p.): Forestry Commission.

Morison, J., Matthews, R., Miller, G., Perks, M., Randle, T., Vanguelova, E., … Yamulki, S. (2012). Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain. (n.p.): Forestry Commission.

The James Hutton Institute. (2014). Biodiversity and Woodland Ecosystems A summary of research outputs supported or facilitated by the Environmental Change Programme of the Scottish Government’s Portfolio of Strategic Research (2011-16). Aberdeen: Scottish Government.

Friggens, N., Hester, A.J., Mitchell, R.J., Parker, T.C., Subke, J.A., & Wookey, P.A. (2020). Tree planting in organic soils does not result in net carbon sequestration on decadal timescales. Global Change Biology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15229

The final report of the Deer Working Group. (2020). The management of wild deer in Scotland: Deer Working Group report. (n.p.): Scottish Government.

Forestry Commission. (2014). Scotland’s Native Woodlands Results from the Native Woodland Survey of Scotland. (n.p.): Scottish Government.

Forest Research. (2020). NFI woodland ecological condition in Scotland: Statistics. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.

SNH. (2019). Assessing Progress in Deer Management - report to Scottish Government. (n.p.): Scottish Natural Hertiage.

Scottish Government. (2017, January 24). Draft Scottish Energy Strategy: The Future of Energy in Scotland. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2017/01/3414/downloads [accessed 11 May 2017]

Bates, J. (2019). The potential contribution of bioenergy to Scotland’s energy system. Didcot: ClimateXChange.

Energy Saving Trust. (2018). Energy Saving Trust – Woodfuel Demand and Usage in Scotland 2018 Report produced for Scottish Forestry by Energy Saving Trust. (n.p.): Energy Saving Trust.

State of Nature 2019 report. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://nbn.org.uk/stateofnature2019/reports/ [accessed February 2020]

SNH. (2019). Urgent action needed to halt continued decline of Scotland’s wildlife. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/urgent-action-needed-halt-continued-decline-scotlands-wildlife [accessed 30 May 2020]

The Scottish Parliament. (2020, June). Motions, Questions and Answers. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/28877.aspx?SearchType=Advance&ReferenceNumbers=S5M-21919&ResultsPerPage=10 [accessed 13 June 2020]

Mayer,, A.L., Kauppi, P.E., Angelstam, P.K., Zhang, Y., & Tikka, P.M. (2005). Importing Timber, Exporting Ecological Impact. Science, 308.

Forest Research. (2019). Forestry Statistics 2019 A compendium of statistics about woodland, forestry and primary wood processing in the United Kingdom Release date:. (n.p.): (n.p.).

WWF. (2019). TIMBER SCORECARD 2019: MEASURING PROGRESS IN SUSTAINABILITY AMONG UK TIMBER PRODUCT BUYERS. (n.p.): WWF.

Walton, P., Eaton, M., Stanbury, A., Hayhow, D., Brand, A., Brooks, S., … Wormald, K. (2019). The State of Nature Scotland 2019. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Scottish Government. (2019). Policy: Biodiversity. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/policies/biodiversity/ [accessed 29 December 2019]

Forestry Commission Scotland. (2014). Scotland’s Native Woodlands: Results from the Native Woodland Survey of Scotland. (n.p.): Forestry Commission Scotland.

Confor. (2020). Biodiversity, forestry and wood: An analysis of the biodiversity benefits of modern forestry and wood production. (n.p.): Confor.

Convention on Biological Diversity. (2011). Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Targets. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdf [accessed 25 July 2020]

The Atlantic Woodland Alliance. (2019). The state of Scotland’s rainforest. (n.p.): Woodland Trust.

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Atlantic Woodland. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/what-we-do/biodiversity-and-conservation/habitat-conservation/woodland/atlantic-woodland [accessed 24 May 2020]

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Atlantic woodland. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/what-we-do/biodiversity-and-conservation/habitat-conservation/woodland/atlantic-woodland [accessed September 2020]

Ennor, R., Cottrell, J., Hall, J., & O'Brien, D. (2020). Species diversification - which species should we use?. Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 114(1), 33-41.

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Deadwood. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/what-we-do/biodiversity-and-conservation/habitat-conservation/woodland/deadwood [accessed 14 June 2020]

Borders Forest Trust. (2020). Carrifran Gallery. Retrieved from https://bordersforesttrust.org/carrifran-gallery/ [accessed 22 May 2020]

Woodland Trust. (2020). Emergency Tree Plan for the UK How to increase tree cover and address the nature and climate emergency. (n.p.): Woodland Trust.

Forestry Commission. (2017). The UK Forestry Standard: the government's approach to sustainable forestry. (n.p.): Forestry Commission.

Scottish Government. (2020). Protecting Scotland, Renewing Scotland: The Government's Programme for Scotland 2020-2021. (n.p.): Scottish Government.

Scottish Government. (2020). AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN SCOTLAND. Retrieved from https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Agriculture-Fisheries/agritopics/LandUseAll [accessed 31 July 2020]

Hunter, J. (2019). REPEOPLING EMPTIED PLACES. (n.p.): Scottish Land Commission.

Burton, V., Metzger, M.J., Brown, C., & Moseley, D. (2008). Green Gold to Wild Woodlands; understanding stakeholder visions for woodland expansion in Scotland. Landscape ecology, 34, 1693-1713.

Hunter, J., Peacock, P., Wightman, A., & Foxley, M. (2014). Towards a comprehensive land reform agenda for Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/scottish-affairs/432-Land-Reform-Paper.pdf [accessed 26 October 2019]

The final report of the Land Reform Review Group. (2014). The land of Scotland and the common good: report. (n.p.): Scottish Government.

Glenn, S.,, S., MacKessack-Leitch, J., Pollard, K., Glass, J., & McMorran, R. (2019). Investigation into the Issues Associated with Large scale and Concentrated Landownership in Scotland. (n.p.): Scottish Land Commission.

Scottish Forestry. (2015). The Scottish Forestry Strategy: Progress Indicators (2015). (n.p.): (n.p.).

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Community Asset Transfer Scheme. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/what-we-do/communities/community-asset-transfer-scheme [accessed 12 June 2020]

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Eshiels Community Woodland, Peebles. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/what-we-do/communities/community-asset-transfer-scheme/previous-asset-transfer-requests/eshiels-wood [accessed 15 July 2020]

Tatchell-Evans, M. (2016, November 21). Scottish Forestry. Retrieved from http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-93_Scottish_Forestry.pdf [accessed 11 May 2017]

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Who we are. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/what-we-do/who-we-are [accessed 24 May 2020]

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2019). Draft Corporate Plan Delivering Forests and land that Scotland can be proud of. 2019-2022. (n.p.): Scottish Government.

Wightman, A. (2012). Forest Ownership in Scotland A Scoping Study. (n.p.): Forest Policy Group.

Forest Research. (2019). Forestry Statistics 2019. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Scottish Executive. (2006). Scottish Forestry Strategy. Retrieved from http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/scottish-forestry-strategy-2006.pdf [accessed 11 May 2017]

Cook, G. (2009). CLIMATE CHANGE (SCOTLAND) BILL – FORESTRY PROVISIONS. (n.p.): Scottish Parliament.

BBC Scotland. (2014). Scotland's Landscape. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/glenfeshie/ [accessed 15 August 2014]

Woodland Expansion Advisory Group. (2012). REPORT OF THE WOODLAND EXPANSION ADVISORY GROUP; TO THE CABINET SECRETARY FOR RURAL AFFAIRS AND ENVIRONMENT, RICHARD LOCHHEAD, MSP. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Forestry Commission Scotland. (2010). The Right Tree in the Right Place: Planning for Forestry and Woodlands. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission Scotland.

Scottish Forestry. (2020). Scots tree planting “punching well above its weight” says Ewing. Retrieved from https://forestry.gov.scot/news-releases/scots-tree-planting-punching-well-above-its-weight-says-ewing [accessed 11 June 2020]

Scottish Government. (2020). Scottish Natural Capital Accounts: 2020. (n.p.): Scottish Government.

SPICe. (2016). SPICe Briefing Implications of Leaving the EU Forestry. (n.p.): Scottish Parliament.

Scottish Government. (2017). Draft Climate Change Plan: The draft third report on policies and proposals 2017-2032. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513102.pdf

Scottish Government; Rural Payments and Services. (2020). Forestry Grant Scheme. Retrieved from https://www.ruralpayments.org/topics/all-schemes/forestry-grant-scheme/ [accessed 12 June 2020]

The Farm Woodland Forum. (2020). Silvopastoral agroforestry. Retrieved from https://www.agroforestry.ac.uk/agroforestry-systems/pastoral [accessed 15 August 2020]

Forestry Commission Scotland. (2011). WOODS IN AND AROUND TOWNS THE STORY SO FAR WIAT A report on achievements and developments to date. (n.p.): Forestry Commission Scotland.

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Urban forests around Glasgow and Edinburgh. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/blog/forests-near-glasgow-and-edinburgh [accessed 17 July 2020]

Tilhill. (2020). Taxation matters. Retrieved from https://www.tilhill.com/forestry-investment/taxation-matters/ [accessed 01 June 2020]

UK Parliament. (2015). Developments since the Land Reform in Scotland: Interim Report. Retrieved from https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmscotaf/274/27405.htm [accessed 28 June 2020]

Forest Policy Group. (2019). How Forestry Favours the Wealthy. Retrieved from http://www.forestpolicygroup.org/blog/how-forestry-favours-the-wealthy/ [accessed 13 July 2020]

Scottish Government. (2018, March). CLIMATE CHANGE PLAN The Third Report on Proposals and Policies 2018-2032. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0053/00532096.pdf [accessed 27 March 2018]

Scottish Government. (2017). Draft Climate Change Plan - the draft Third Report on Policies and Proposals 2017-2032, page 14. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2017/01/2768

Scottish Government. (2018). Climate Change Plan: third report on proposals and policies 2018-2032 (RPP3). Edinburgh: Scottish Government.

Scottish Natural Heritage. (2019). Peatland ACTION - How to apply. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/climate-change/nature-based-solutions/peatland-action/peatland-action-how-apply [accessed 28 July 2020]

Scottish Forestry. (2020). Resilient Forests. Retrieved from https://forestry.gov.scot/forests-environment/resilient-forests [accessed 30 May 2020]

Mcknee, I.M.K. (2017). Taking an adaptive approach: sea level rise and restoring the natural mobility of the Culbin sand dunes. (n.p.): Scottish Natural Heritage.

UK Woodland Carbon Code. (2019). UK Woodland Carbon Code. Retrieved from https://www.woodlandcarboncode.org.uk/ [accessed 15 June 2020]

Committee of Climate Change. (2020). Land use: Policies for a Net Zero UK. London: Committee of Climate Change.

Trench, H. (2019). Regional Land Use Partnerships. Retrieved from https://landcommission.gov.scot/news-events/news-blog/regional-land-use-partnerships [accessed 22 May 2019]

Trench, H. (2019). Regional Land Use Partnerships. Retrieved from https://landcommission.gov.scot/news-events/news-blog/regional-land-use-partnerships [accessed 26 May 2020]

Committee on Climate Change. (2020, May). Take urgent action on six key principles for a resilient recovery. Retrieved from https://www.theccc.org.uk/2020/05/06/take-urgent-action-on-six-key-principles-for-a-resilient-recovery/ [accessed 5 June 2020]

Committee on Climate Change. (2020, May). Letter: Building a resilient recovery from the COVID-19 crisis to Roseanna Cunningham MSP. Retrieved from https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/letter-building-a-resilient-recovery-from-the-covid-19-crisis-to-roseanna-cunningham-msp/ [accessed 5 June 2020]

European Commission. (2011). The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Brussels: European Commission.

Scottish Natural Heritage. (2016). Scotland’s Biodiversity Progress to 2020 Aichi Targets Interim Report 2016. (n.p.): Scottish Natural Heritage.

Scottish Government, . (2013, June 19). 2020 Challenge for Scotland's Biodiversity. Retrieved from https://beta.gov.scot/publications/2020-challenge-scotlands-biodiversity-strategy-conservation-enhancement-biodiversity-scotland/ [accessed 11 October 2018]

Forestry and Land Scotland. (2020). Rhododendron control. Retrieved from https://forestryandland.gov.scot/what-we-do/biodiversity-and-conservation/habitat-conservation/woodland/rhododendron [accessed 18 August 2020]

Scottish Government. (2015). Scotland’s Biodiversity a Route Map to 2020. Published by the Scottish Government. doi: https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-biodiversity-route-map-2020/pages/2/

Scottish Natural Heritage. (2019). Planning and development: trees and woodland. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/planning-and-development/planning-and-development-advice/habitats/planning-and-development-trees-and-woodland [accessed 15 July 2020]

Scottish Natural Heritage. (n.d.) History of Scotland’s woodlands. Retrieved from https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/land-and-sea-management/managing-land/forests-and-woodlands/history-scotlands-woodlands [accessed 23 May 2019]

100 YEARS OF STATE FORESTRY IN THE UK. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.fsc-uk.org/en-uk/about-fsc/what-is-fsc/case-studies/forest-management/100-years-of-state-forestry-in-the-uk [accessed 29 May 2020]

Oosthoek, K.J. (2013). Conquering the Highlands: A history of the afforestation of the Scottish uplands. (n.p.): ANU Press.

Scottish Forestry. (2008). Scotland’s Woodlands and the Historic Environment. (n.p.): Forestry Commission Scotland.

Wilson, S. (2015). Native Woodlands of Scotland. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Forestry Commission. (1973). Fifty-Fourth Annual Report and Accounts of the Forestry Commission for the year ended 31st March 1974. London: Forestry Commission.

Raum, S., & Potter, C. (2015). Forestry paradigms and policy change: The evolution of forestry policy in Britain in relation to the ecosystem approach. Land Use Policy, 49, 462-470.

Foot, D. (2010). Woods & People. Putting Forests on the Map.. Stroud: The History press.

UK Parliament. (1968). Countryside Act 1968. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/41

Highlands and Island Enterprise. (2020). NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN CROFTING. Retrieved from https://www.hie.co.uk/support/support-for-community-organisations/community-assets/crofting/community-ownership-of-forestry-and-woodland-crofts/ [accessed 11 June 2020]

United Nations. (n.d.) Agenda 21: UNCED, 1992. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&nr=23&type=400&menu=35 [accessed 24 May 2020]

RESOLUTION H1 General Guidelines for the Sustainable Management of Forests in Europe. (1993). Helsinki: Second Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe.

Forest Stewardship Council. (2019). The FSC National Forest Stewardship Standard of the United Kingdom. (n.p.): (n.p.).

Last Updated: 25/4 8:22am