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Published by The Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body
Facial recognition: how policing in Scotland makes use of this technology
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Published: Tuesday 11 Feb 2020 (JSPS0520R01)
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Overview
Report
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Overview
Report
Executive Summary
Introduction
Background
Developments in policing in Scotland
How does facial recognition technology work?
Live facial recognition technology
Policing 2026
Equality and human rights impact assessment
Legal basis for the use of live facial recognition technology
England and Wales
Legal challenges
Scotland
Compliance with human rights legislation
Accuracy and effectiveness
Gender and racial bias
Quality assurance
Necessity and proportionality
Compliance with data protection legislation
Strict necessity
Consent
Impact on human behaviour
Oversight and governance
Role of the Scottish Police Authority
Role of a Scottish Biometrics Commissioner
Moratorium
Retrospective facial recognition technology
The legal basis for the retention and use of photographic images
Use of the UK Police National Database
Compliance with human rights and data protection legislation
Private companies and public sector agencies supplying images to Police Scotland
Glasgow City Council CCTV system – Suspect Search
Conclusions and recommendations
Annex
Sources
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Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary in Scotland. (2016, January). Audit and Assurance Review of the use of the Facial Search functionality within the UK Police National Database (PND) by Police Scotland. Retrieved from
https://www.hmics.scot/sites/default/files/publications/HMICS%20Audit%20and%20Assurance%20Review%20of%20the%20use%20of%20the%20Facial%20Search%20functionality%20within%20the%20UK%20Police%20National%20Database%20%28PND%29%20by%20Police%20Scotland_0.pdf
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary in Scotland. (2019, September). Thematic Inspection of the Scottish Police Authority. Retrieved from
https://www.hmics.scot/sites/default/files/publications/HMICS20190926PUB.pdf
UK Biometrics and Forensics Ethics Group in England and Wales. (n.d.) Ethical issues arising from the police use of live facial recognition technology. Retrieved from
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/781745/Facial_Recognition_Briefing_BFEG_February_2019.pdf
Police Scotland and the Scottish Police Authority. (n.d.) Policing 2026: Serving a Changing Scotland. Retrieved from
https://www.scotland.police.uk/assets/pdf/138327/386688/policing-2026-strategy.pdf
[accessed 20 June 2017]
Police Scotland and the Scottish Police Authority. (2018, March 9). Equality and Human Rights Impact Assessment (EqHRIA) Summary of Results. Retrieved from
https://www.scotland.police.uk/assets/pdf/459397/2026-eqhria-summary-of-results?view=Standard
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 21 November 2019, Dr Purshouse, contrib. 5,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12389&c=2219713
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 21 November 2019, Dr Christopher Lawless (Durham University), contrib. 7,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12389&c=2219715
Judgement in the case of R (on the application of Bridges) v Chief Constable of South Wales Police. (2019, September 4). Retrieved from
https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/bridges-swp-judgment-Final03-09-19-1.pdf
UK Information Commissioner. (2019, October 31). Information Commissioner’s Opinion: The use of live facial recognition technology by law enforcement in public places. Retrieved from
https://www.parliament.scot/S5_JusticeSubCommitteeOnPolicing/Inquiries/LFR_opinion_pdf.pdf
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Dr Macdonald, contrib. 19,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224308
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Matthew Rice, contrib. 21,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224310
Independent Advisory Group (IAG) on the Use of Biometric Data in Scotland. (2018, March 22). Use of biometric data: report of the independent advisory group. Retrieved from
https://www.gov.scot/publications/report-independent-advisory-group-use-biometric-data-scotland/
Ada Lovelace Institute. (2019, September). Beyond face value: public attitudes to facial recognition technology, page 2. Retrieved from
https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Public-attitudes-to-facial-recognition-technology_v.FINAL_.pdf
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 21 November 2019, Dr Purshouse, contrib. 84,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12389&c=2219792
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 21 November 2019, Dr Bobak, contrib. 85,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12389&c=2219793
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 16 January 2020 [Draft], Temporary Assistant Chief Constable Sloan, contrib. 44,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12462&c=2230915
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 16 January 2020 [Draft], Lynn Brown (Scottish Police Authority), contrib. 48,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12462&c=2230919
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Matthew Rice, contrib. 46,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224335
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Griff Ferris, contrib. 20,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224309
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 16 January 2020 [Draft], Temporary Assistant Chief Constable Sloan, contrib. 46,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12462&c=2230917
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 16 January 2020 [Draft], Tom Nelson (Scottish Police Authority), contrib. 68,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12462&c=2230939
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 21 November 2019, Dr Purshouse, contrib. 11,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12389&c=2219719
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Griff Ferris, contrib. 28,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224317
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Tatora Mukushi, contrib. 37,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224326
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Dr Macdonald, contrib. 23,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224312
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Matthew Rice, contrib. 72,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224361
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 16 January 2020 [Draft], Temporary Assistant Chief Constable Sloan, contrib. 82,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12462&c=2230953
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Matthew Rice, contrib. 56,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224345
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 16 January 2020 [Draft], Lynn Brown, contrib. 60,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12462&c=2230931
The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. (2019, July 18). Issues with biometrics and forensics significant risk to effective functioning of the criminal justice system. Retrieved from
https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/news-parliament-2017/biometrics-commissioner-forensic-science-regulator-report-publication-17-19/
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 21 November 2019, Dr Purshouse, contrib. 26,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12389&c=2219734
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Matthew Rice (Open Rights Group), contrib. 3,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224292
Scottish Parliament Justice Committee. (9, December 2019). Stage 1 report on the Scottish Biometrics Commissioner Bill. Retrieved from
https://digitalpublications.parliament.scot/Committees/Report/J/2019/12/9/Scottish-Biometrics-Commissioner-Bill-Stage-1-Report#INTRODUCTION
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 21 November 2019, Dr Purshouse, contrib. 45,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12389&c=2219753
Justice Sub-Committee on Policing 05 December 2019 [Draft], Tatora Mukushi, contrib. 16,
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12420&c=2224305
Surveillance Camera Commissioner. (2019, March). The Police Use of Automated Facial Recognition Technology with Surveillance Camera Systems. Retrieved from
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/786392/AFR_police_guidance_of_PoFA_V1_March_2019.pdf
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